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Medicine 6# Epilepsy
1. A seizure is best defined as:
Permanent neurological deficit due to brain injury
Transient signs or symptoms due to excessive synchronous neural activity
Recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness
Chronic progressive neurological disease
Explanation:
A seizure is defined as transient signs or symptoms caused by excessive synchronous neuronal activity. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}
2. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a patient has:
One provoked seizure
One unprovoked seizure only
Two or more unprovoked seizures
Seizures associated with fever
Explanation:
Epilepsy is defined as recurrent (two or more) unprovoked seizures. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}
3. Simple partial (focal aware) seizures are characterized by:
No impairment of awareness
Loss of consciousness
Bilateral motor involvement
Postictal confusion always present
Explanation:
Simple partial (focal aware) seizures occur without impairment of awareness. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}
4. According to ILAE 2017, a seizure that starts in one hemisphere and spreads to both is called:
Generalized-onset seizure
Focal to bilateral seizure
Unknown-onset seizure
Absence seizure
Explanation:
Focal to bilateral seizures start in one area and then spread to involve both hemispheres. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}
5. Which seizure type is characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone?
Tonic
Clonic
Myoclonic
Atonic
Explanation:
Atonic seizures cause sudden loss of muscle tone leading to falls. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
6. Typical EEG finding in generalized absence seizure is:
Delta waves
Sharp temporal spikes
3 Hz spike-and-wave pattern
Hypsarrhythmia
Explanation:
Absence seizures classically show a 3 Hz spike-and-wave pattern on EEG. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
7. Drug of choice for generalized absence seizures is:
Ethosuximide
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Phenobarbital
Explanation:
Ethosuximide is the drug of choice for absence seizures. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
8. The most common source of focal seizures is the:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Explanation:
The temporal lobe is the most common origin of focal seizures. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}
9. An aura described as “epigastric rising sensation” suggests seizure origin from:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Explanation:
Epigastric rising sensation is a classic aura of temporal lobe epilepsy. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
10. Visual hallucinations during seizures point to involvement of the:
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Explanation:
Occipital lobe seizures commonly cause visual hallucinations such as flashes of light. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}
11. Which feature is typical of frontal lobe seizures?
Long postictal confusion
Epigastric aura
Brief hypermotor activity with rapid recovery
Visual hallucinations
Explanation:
Frontal lobe seizures are brief, hypermotor, and followed by rapid recovery. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}
12. A normal EEG:
Excludes epilepsy
Does not exclude epilepsy
Confirms generalized epilepsy
Indicates psychogenic seizures
Explanation:
A normal EEG does not exclude the diagnosis of epilepsy. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}
13. The main purpose of EEG in epilepsy is to:
Classify seizures as focal or generalized
Cure epilepsy
Replace MRI
Detect brain tumors
Explanation:
EEG helps classify seizures and guide anti-seizure drug selection. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}
14. MRI finding classically associated with temporal lobe epilepsy is:
Glioblastoma
AV malformation
Normal MRI
Mesial temporal sclerosis
Explanation:
Mesial temporal sclerosis is strongly associated with focal temporal epilepsy. :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}
15. Anti-epileptic drugs primarily:
Cure epilepsy
Reverse brain pathology
Suppress seizures
Prevent epilepsy development
Explanation:
Anti-epileptic drugs suppress seizures but do not cure epilepsy. :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}
16. Which drug should be avoided in women of childbearing potential?
Valproate
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Gabapentin
Explanation:
Valproate has the highest teratogenic potential and should be avoided. :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}
17. Which anti-epileptic drug is preferred in patients with migraine?
Carbamazepine
Topiramate
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Explanation:
Topiramate is useful in patients with epilepsy and migraine. :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}
18. Vagus nerve stimulation is mainly indicated for:
Generalized absence seizures
Febrile seizures
Status epilepticus
Refractory focal seizures
Explanation:
Vagus nerve stimulation is an add-on therapy for refractory focal seizures. :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}
19. Ketogenic diet is most commonly used in:
Pediatric epilepsy
Elderly patients
Psychogenic seizures
Post-stroke seizures
Explanation:
Ketogenic diet is mainly used in children with refractory epilepsy. :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}
20. Corpus callosotomy aims to:
Remove epileptic focus
Cure epilepsy permanently
Prevent spread of epileptic activity
Enhance drug absorption
Explanation:
Corpus callosotomy is a disconnection surgery that prevents spread of epileptic activity. :contentReference[oaicite:19]{index=19}